Grandson of the poet and judge Khwaja Abdur Rasheed, eminent lawyer and Islamic scholar Khwaja Kamaluddin was born in Punjab in 1870. In 1893, he graduated from Forman Christian College in Lahore where he was drawn to Christianity before becoming inspired by the writings of the founder of the Ahmidyaa Movement. Kamaluddin worked as a lecturer and then as principal of Islamia College, Lahore, then graduated in law in 1898 and started a legal practice in Peshawar. He wrote extensively on Islam, and delivered lectures across the Indian subcontinent, also raising funds for Aligarh University.

Kamaluddin travelled to Britain in 1912 to pursue a legal case on behalf of a client. He settled in Kingston and gave his first British public talk on Islam at Speaker's Corner, Hyde Park. Soon afterwards, he took control of the Shah Jahan Mosque in Woking with the support of Syed Ameer Ali, Sir Abbas Ali Beg and Sir Thomas Arnold. He established the Woking Muslim Mission and Literary Trust there, as well as the journal The Islamic Review (1913-67) through which he and other contributors sought to counter misconceptions about Islam among the British. During his time in Britain, he delivered several lectures, including at Cambridge University and the Lyceum Club, on topics such as the comparative merits of Islam and Christianity and the position of women in Islam. He also oversaw several conversions at the Shah Jahan Mosque.

In 1914 Kamaluddin returned to India, remaining there for two years then travelling between India and Britain for the next few years. Throughout this time, he remained concerned with the problems faced by Muslims in India as well as with perceptions of Islam in Britain. He was elected member of the League of Nations Union in 1923, the same year that he performed hajj with the convert Lord Headley. He died in 1922.